مابعد جدیدت ،مذہبی تصورات اور اُردو ناول

Postmodernism, Religious Concepts, and the Urdu Novel

Abstract

In the 21st century, postmodernism has emerged as an important intellectual trend, providing an open and flexible perspective on life and its manifestations. With its skeptical and iconoclastic approach, it challenges the monopoly and absoluteness of traditional ideologies. The Urdu novel of the 21st century has been significantly influenced by postmodernism, reflecting changes in character, narrative, and thought. This article tries to analyze the representation of religious concepts in selective novels of the 21st century within the postmodern context. These novels have reconfigured concepts of religion that are exploited in the name of religion, such as jihad and paradise as a grand narrative of power, religious commercialization and shrine consumerism, and religion as a controlling mechanism and tool for mind control. The researcher has tried to study these concepts in context of these novels.

       References in Roman Script:

1. Gopi Chand Narang, Jadeediyat ke Baad, Dehli: Educational Publishing House, 2005, p. 31.
2. Wazir Agha, “Jadeediyat aur Ma’baad Jadeediyat,” mashmoola: Tanqeedi Theory ke So Saal, Lahore: Sanjh Publishers, 2012, p. 158.
3. Tanqeed ki Jamaliyat, Jild Panjum, (Murattib) Prof. Ateeq Ullah, Lahore: Book Talk, 2018, p. 305.
4. Tanqeed ki Jamaliyat, Jild Panjum, (Murattib) Prof. Ateeq Ullah, p. 295.
5. Mustansar Hussain Tarar, Qila Jangi, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2008, p. 43.
6. Mustansar Hussain Tarar, Qila Jangi, p. 53.
7. Riaz Ahmad Sheikh, Pakistan, Jamhooriyat aur Siyasi Mudakhlatein, Lahore: Sanjh Publications, 2010, p. 111.
8. Shahid Nawaz, Pakistani Urdu Novel mein Asri Tareekh, Sargodha: Shoba-e-Urdu University of Sargodha, 2018, p. 304.
9. Mustansar Hussain Tarar, Qila Jangi, p. 30.
10. Zaif Syed, Gul Meena, Rawalpindi: Roomail House of Publications, 2019, p. 246.
11. Zaif Syed, Gul Meena, p. 361.
12. Mustansar Hussain Tarar, Qila Jangi, p. 108.
13. Zaif Syed, Gul Meena, p. 323.
14. , pp. 223–224.
15. Gopi Chand Narang, Sakhtiyat, Pas-e-Sakhtiyat aur Mashriqi Sheriyat, Nai Dehli: Qaumi Council Baraye Farogh-e-Adab Urdu, 1993, p. 205.
16. Mustansar Hussain Tarar, Qila Jangi, p. 126.
17. Khalid Toor, Balon ka Guchha, Karachi: Zaki Sons Printers, 2012, p. 94.
18. Khalid Toor, Balon ka Guchha, p. 93.
19. Tahira Iqbal, Neeli Baar, Islamabad: Dost Publications, 2017, p. 335.
20. Tahira Iqbal, Neeli Baar, p. 327.