اقبال کا فلسفیانہ رجحان، اسلامی فلسفے کا ارتقا اور فلسفیانہ مباحث

Iqbal’s Philosophical Orientation, the Evolution of Islamic Philosophy and Philosophical Debates

Abstract

This research article examines Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s philosophical orientation, the evolution of Islamic philosophy and major philosophical debates in their historical and intellectual context. The study traces the development of philosophical thought from ancient Greek philosophy to Muslim philosophical traditions and subsequently examines Iqbal’s intellectual engagement with both classical and Western philosophical ideas. Iqbal’s early academic interest in philosophy, his association with prominent scholars in Lahore and Europe, and his exposure to German and Western philosophical thought played an important role in shaping his intellectual outlook. However, the study demonstrates that Iqbal was not merely an imitator of Western philosophers; rather, he adopted a critical, analytical and creative approach toward different philosophical traditions. His philosophical thought remained deeply connected with the intellectual heritage of Muslim philosophers and theologians.

     References in Roman Script

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2. Abdul Majeed Salik, Zikr-e-Iqbal, Lahore: Bazm-e-Iqbal, July 1993, p. 17.
3. Javed Iqbal, Dr., Zinda Rūd, p. 102.
4. Ibid., p. 77.
5. Ibid., p. 102.
6. Ibid., pp. 139–166.
7. Ibid., p. 90.
8. Ibid., p. 124.
9. Ibid., p. 116.
10. Ibid., pp. 140–141.
11. Ibid., p. 150.
12. Abdul Majeed Salik, Zikr-e-Iqbal, pp. 290–296.
13. Syed Ata-ur-Rahim, Dr., “Falsafa Kya Hai,” in Waheed Ishrat, Dr., Falsafa Kya Hai, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1987, p. 26.
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19. Qazi Qaiser-ul-Islam, Falsafay Ke Bunyadi Masail, Lahore: National Book Foundation, 9th ed., 2017, p. 7.
20. Ibid., p. 7.
21. Ibid., p. 9.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy, London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1963, p. 13.
25. Naeem Ahmad, Dr., Tarikh-e-Falsafa-e-Yunan, Lahore: Ilmi Kitab Khana, 2021, p. 24.
26. Ibid., p. 55.
27. Ibid., pp. 78, 79, 84.
28. Ibid., p. 27.
29. W. T. Stace, Yunani Falsafa, translated by Javed Nawaz, pp. 35–39.
30. Naeem Ahmad, Dr., Tarikh-e-Falsafa-e-Yunan, p. 34.
31. Ibid., p. 36.
32. W. T. Stace, Yunani Falsafa, translated by Javed Nawaz, pp. 90–91.
33. Ibid., p. 51.
34. Khalifa Abdul Hakim, Dastan-e-Danish, Delhi: Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu, 1943, p. 46.
35. Naeem Ahmad, Dr., Tarikh-e-Falsafa-e-Yunan, pp. 58–59.
36. Ibid., p. 59.
37. Ibid., pp. 61–62.
38. Ibid., p. 62.
39. Shafiqi Din Muhammad Ahdipuri, Falsafa-e-Hind-o-Yunan, pp. 64–65.
40. Ibid., p. 65.
41. Ibid., pp. 66–80.
42. Naeem Ahmad, Dr., Tarikh-e-Falsafa-e-Yunan, pp. 114–142.
43. Ibid., pp. 145–161.