غزالی کے افکار و نظریات اور فکر اقبال کا تقابلی مطالعہ

A Comparative Study of Al-Ghazali’s Thoughts and Ideas and Iqbal’s Philosophy

Abstract

This research presents a comparative study of the thoughts, ideas, and intellectual contributions of Imam Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali and Allama Muhammad Iqbal, two prominent thinkers in the history of Islamic thought. Al-Ghazali played a significant role in shaping Islamic intellectual tradition by emphasizing the relationship between reason, revelation, knowledge, ethics, spirituality, and purification of the self. His thought sought to harmonize religious knowledge with spiritual and moral development, giving particular importance to the purification of the inner self and the attainment of ethical perfection. In contrast, Iqbal, while deeply rooted in the Islamic intellectual tradition, approached the challenges of modernity through a dynamic reconstruction of Islamic thought. His philosophy emphasizes the concepts of Khudi (selfhood), action, Ijtihad (independent reasoning), Ishq (spiritual love), freedom of thought, and the revival of the Muslim community. This study comparatively examines the views of Al-Ghazali and Iqbal concerning knowledge, reason and revelation, human nature, morality, spirituality, self-purification, Sufism, Ijtihad, and social reform.

      References in Roman Script:

1. Qadir, A. C., Prof., and Rana, Akram, Kashshaf-e-Istilahat-e-Falsafa, p. 157.
2. Ahmad, Naeem, Dr., Tarikh-e-Falsafa-e-Yunan, pp. 157–160.
3. Abdul Hakim, Khalifa, “Tashkik,” in Mahnama Ma’arif, Lahore, October 1959, p. 5–8.
4. Sharif, M. M., History of Muslim Philosophy, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1983, vol. 1, p. 586–587.
5. Ghazali, Imam, Tahafut al-Falasifah, translated by Maulana Muhammad Hanif Nadvi, Lahore: Idara Saqafat-e-Islamia, 1987, p. 54.
6. Nadvi, Muhammad Hanif, Afkar-e-Ghazali, pp. 27–28.
7. Nu’mani, Shibli, Allama, Al-Ghazali, p. 144.
8. Mir, Wali Muhammad, Dr., Tarikh-e-Falasifat al-Islam, Karachi: Nafees Academy, 1987, p. 91.
9. Abdul Khaliq, Dr., and Shaidai, Yusuf, Muslim Falsafa, pp. 207–208.
10. Iqbal, Muhammad, Dr., Falsafa-e-Ajam, translated by Mir Hasanuddin, p. 71–72.
11. Iqbal, Muhammad, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, p. 102–103.
12. Ibid., p. 33.
13. Iqbal, Muhammad, Dr., Tashkil-e-Jadid Ilahiyat-e-Islamia, translated by Syed Nazir Niazi, pp. 41–42.
14. Ibid., p. 40.
15. Iqbal, Muhammad, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, p. 45.
16. Iqbal, Muhammad, Dr., Islami Fikr ki Nai Tashkil, translated by Shahzad Ahmad, Lahore: Maktaba Khalil, 2005, p. 22.
17. Iqbal, Muhammad, Dr., Tajdid-e-Fikriyat-e-Islam, translated by Dr. Waheed Ishrat, Lahore: Iqbal Academy Pakistan, 2002, pp. 20–21.
18. Ghazali, Imam, Ihya al-Ulum, translated by Maulana Muhammad Ahsan Nanotvi, Lahore: Maktaba Rahmania, n.d., p. 25.
19. Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad, Dr., Quran aur Musalmanon ke Zinda Masail, Lahore: Idara Saqafat-e-Islamia, 1989, p. 246.
20. Khalifa Abdul Hakim, “Iqbal ki Shairi Mein Ishq ka Mafhum,” in Iqbaliyat-e-Khalifa Abdul Hakim, edited by Shahid Hussain Razzaqi, Lahore: Sheikh Ghulam Ali and Sons, 1998, p. 160.
21. Abdul Hakim, Khalifa, Dr., Talkhis-e-Khutbat-e-Iqbal, Lahore: Bazm-e-Iqbal, 1988, p. 9.
22. Iqbal, Muhammad, Dr., Kulliyat-e-Iqbal (Farsi), p. 333.
23. Iqbal, Muhammad, Dr., Kulliyat-e-Iqbal (Urdu), p. 740.
24. Iqbal, Muhammad, Dr., Kulliyat-e-Iqbal (Farsi), p. 109.
25. Iqbal, Muhammad, Dr., Kulliyat-e-Iqbal (Urdu), p. 409.
26. Ibid., p. 314.
27. Ibid., p. 355.
28. Malik, Akhtar Hasan, Dr., Iqbal aur Muslim Mufakkirin, Lahore: Ferozsons, 1992, p. 58.
29. Ghazali, Abu Hamid, Imam, Ihya Ulum al-Din, translated by Muhammad Ahsan Siddiqi, Lahore: Sheikh Ghulam Ali and Sons, n.d., p. 28.
30. Ibid., p. 25.
31. Shibli, Siddiq, Dr., “Iqbal aur Ghazali,” in Maqalat-e-Iqbal Aalmi Congress, vol. 3, held on December 2–8, 1977, Lahore: Danishgah-e-Punjab, n.d., pp. 148–149.
32. Ibid., p. 155.
33. Iqbal, Muhammad, Dr., Ihya-ye-Fikr-e-Dini dar Islam (Farsi), introduction by Dr. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Tehran: Mu’assasa-e-Farhangi Mantiqa, n.d., p. 7.
34. Schimmel, Annemarie, Gabriel’s Wing, Lahore: Iqbal Academy Pakistan, 2000, p. 50.
35. Iqbal, Muhammad, Dr., Kulliyat-e-Iqbal (Farsi), p. 33.
36. Qadir, A. C., Prof., and Rana, Akram, Kashshaf-e-Istilahat-e-Falsafa, p. 85.