سماجی اصلاح کا تصور، ڈپٹی نذیر احمد اور ردِ استعماریت

The Concept of Social Reform, Deputy Nazeer Ahmed and Anti-Colonialism

Abstract

A new concept of reform emerged in the context of the clash between Indo-Muslim culture and Western culture. The beginning of Urdu novel writing was marked by a reformative tendency. During this era, Deputy Nazeer wrote novels for the purpose of national development, the betterment of Muslim society, the acquisition of modern education, and to prevent secularism. Regardless of Deputy Nazeer's stance on colonial rule, anti-colonial trends can be found in his work.  In the cultural clash between the East and West, Nazeer Ahmed's inclination towards Eastern traditions, values, culture, and religion is clear. His characters return to Eastern, local, and religious roots. Nazeer Ahmed is against Western imitation, Westernism, English customs, and the secularism spreading because of Western education.

     References in Roman Script:

1. For a detailed study of post-colonialism, submissiveness, reformative trends, and resistance dilemmas in the Urdu novel, see the following book:Muhammad Naim, Urdu Novel aur Istim’aariyat, Urdu Novel and Colonialism, Lahore: Aks Publications, 2017.

1. Sir Syed, Maqalaat-e-Sir Syed [Essays of Sir Syed], Volume 12 (Speeches/Lectures), (Lahore: Majlis-e-Taraqqi-e-Adab, 1993), p. 187.
2. For details, read Lecture No. 31 in full:Nazir Ahmad, Lecturon ka Majmooa [Collection of Lectures], Volume 2, Agra: Mufid-e-Aam Steam Press, 1895.

1. Ashfaq Muhammad Khan, Dr., Nazir Ahmad ke Novel, Novels of Nazir Ahmad, (Delhi: Maktaba Jamia, 1979), p. 64–65.
2. Nazir Ahmad, Deputy, Majmooa Deputy Nazir Ahmad [Collected Works of Deputy Nazir Ahmad] (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2014), p. 373.
3. Nazir Ahmad, Deputy, Majmooa Deputy Nazir Ahmad, p. 366.
4. Nasir Abbas Nayyar, Urdu Adab ki Tashkeel-e-Jadeed [The Modern Formation of Urdu Literature] (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 103.
5. Nazir Ahmad, Deputy, Majmooa Deputy Nazir Ahmad, p. 427.
6. Anis Nagi, Nazir Ahmad ki Novel Nigari [Novel Writing of Nazir Ahmad] (Lahore: Maktaba Jamaliat, 1981), pp. 14–18.
7. Nasir Abbas Nayyar, Urdu Adab ki Tashkeel-e-Jadeed, pp. 122–123.
8. Nazir Ahmad, Deputy, Majmooa Deputy Nazir Ahmad, p. 55.
9. Ibid., p. 52.
10. Ibid., p. 53.
11. Ibid., p. 99.
12. Ibid., p. 108.
13. Ibid., p. 162.
14. Ibid., p. 174.
15. Anis Nagi, Nazir Ahmad ki Novel Nigari (Lahore: Maktaba Jamaliat, 1981), p. 11.
16. Nazir Ahmad, Deputy, Majmooa Deputy Nazir Ahmad, p. 231.
17. Ibid., pp. 268–269.
18. Nazir Ahmad, Deputy, Ayaami, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Academy, 2015, p. 28.
19. Nazir Ahmad, Deputy, Ayaami, p. 29.
20. Ibid., p. 49.
21. Ibid., p. 60.
22. Anis Nagi, Nazir Ahmad ki Novel Nigari, p. 100.
23. Nazir Ahmad, Deputy, Majmooa Deputy Nazir Ahmad, p. 1025.
24. Ibid., p. 1025.
25. Ibid., p. 1152.
26. Aqeel Ahmad Siddiqui, 'Nazir Ahmad aur Colonial Discourse ki Muzahmat', Nazir Ahmad and Resistance to Colonial Discourse, Quarterly Fikr-o-Nazar Aligarh, Deputy Nazir Ahmad Special Issue, June 1994, p. 72.